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PUBLISHED WEEKLY. PRICE 5 CENTS A COPY. $2 A YEAR. 




Entered as second-class matter at the Postoffice, Washington, D. C. 


VOL. I. 

WASHINGTON, D. C., SATURDAY, AUGUST 29, 1896. 

NO. 12. 


GEN. PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN. 

BY JOHN McELROY. 

I) 


(Copyright, 1896.) 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page. 


Parentage. 2 

Entrance to West Point.3 

Picture—“ Sheridan as Brevet Second Lieu¬ 
tenant” .5 

Entrance into the Army.6 

Plat of Sheridan’s First Campaign .... 7 

His First Victory .. ...7 

Outbreak of the War.10 

Promoted to Colonel.11 

Joins the Army of the Cumberland ... 12 

On the Chattanooga Campaign.13 

Pransferred to the Army of the Potomac . 14 

Sheridan’s Great Raid.15 

Picture—War Horse “ Rienzi ”.15 


Page. 

In the Shenandoah Valley.17 

Portrait of Lieut.-Gen. Phil Sheridan . . 19 

Battle of the Opequon.20 

Battle of Fisher’s Hill.20 

Battle of Cedar Creek.21 

Finishing Up Early.22 

Picture—“Gen. Sheridan Reconnoitering 

at Dinwiddie C. H.”.23 

The Appomattox Campaign.24 

Off to the Rio Grande.27 

Fighting Indians Again.28 

Visits the Fran co-Prussian War .... 29 


Picture—Sheridan’s Tomb at Arlington, Va. 30 


THE NATIONAL 

1729 New York Ave. 


TRIBUNE, 

Washington, D. C. 


Monograph 













































GEN. PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN. 

BY JOHN McELROY. 


HE Sheridan family has had several 
distinguished representatives, in this 
country, as well as in Great Britain. 
The family never rose to the position of 
a clan—that is, a powerful tribe, with a 
chief, and a long history. It was not 
even a sept, or a division of the clan. 
It was merely a family, and most nearly 
related to the O’Reillys. It claims de¬ 
scent from Milesius, the legendary King 
of Ireland, through Hermon, and its 
founder was Fiacka, ancestor of the 
southern Hy Nials. The ancient name 
was “ Saorchroidhean,” signifying “ gen¬ 
erous.” The family lived in the Counties 
of Cavan and Longford, and is stilt 
numerous in Cavan, especially in the 
barony of Clanmahon. 

It was from this ancient seat of 
the family that the parents of Philip H. 
Sheridan came to this country in 1830. 
His father—John Sheridan—had been a 
farmer holding a lease on a portion of 
the estate of Cherrymount in the 
County Cavan. Persuaded by an uncle 
—Thos. Gainor, then living at Albany, 
N. Y.—he sold this lease for enough to 
bring himself and young wife—born Mary Minor—and their children to this 
country and start in life anew. They stopped for a year at Albany, and there a 
third child was born, March 6, 1831. This was the man who became illustrious 
at the Opequon and Cedar Creek. Three children were afterward born to the 
couple. John Sheridan thought he saw better chances farther west, and removed 
to the little village of Somerset, in Perry Co., O. He purchased and settled upon 
a small farm near Somerset, but as that was an age of “internal improvement”— 
canal, railroad, and turnpike building—he was persuaded that he could make 
more money as a contractor. He successfully executed a small piece of work on 
the National Road, then being extended west of the Ohio, and made some money. 
This encouraged him, and he took other contracts, by which he made some money, 
until all his accumultaioris, except his farm, were swallowed.up by the failure of 
the Scioto & Hocking Valley Railroad Company, for which he was doing a more 
extensive job. 

To his wife Mary was left the care and education of the children, and she 
discharged herself of the duty nobly and wisely. 








3 


Phil was sent to one of the schools then common in Ohio, kept by an 
irascible, despotic itinerant Irish pedagog named McNanly, who industriously 
thumped, switched and drove him through his lessons, until by the time he was 
14 Phil had a pretty fair knowledge of “ the three R’s.” 

Then it was decided that he must do something for himself, and he was put 
into a country store at a salary of $2 a month. He proved so efficient and re¬ 
liable that by the end of his first year another merchant offered him $5 a month, 
which he accepted. A year later he received and accepted a still better offer—$10 
a month—to become bookkeeper in the leading dry-goods store. This was a very 
responsible position for a boy of 16. He had become a diligent student, put in 
much of his spare time studying history, and gained quite a local reputation for 
general knowledge. The Mexican War was then in progress, and the reports from 
the scene of hostilities awoke all the martial instincts in the young Irish-Ameri¬ 
can’s heart, and he decided to be a soldier, if he could get the chance. The 
cadet at West Point from his Congressional District failed to pass his examination, 
and Phil Sheridan immediately applied for his place. Hon. Thos. Ritchey, the 
Representative, at once responded with his warrant for the appointment, and Phil 
began anxious study to prepare for the examination. When he started for the 
Academy he fell in with another young cadet from Ohio who was to fill some pages 
of his country’s history with honorable exploits—D. S. Stanley, afterward Major- 
General. 


Entrance to West Point. 


Both were successful in passing the required examination, and July 1, 1848, 
were enrolled with 61 others in the class of that year. 

Sheridan had the good fortune to get as a roommate Henry W. Slocum, 
whose education was more advanced than his, and who was of much benefit to him 
in helping him through algebra. 

Sheridan got through his first year very well, but in his second had the mis¬ 
fortune to let his fiery temper get the better of him. One day, while forming for 
parade, he started to attack his superior officer—Cadet Serg’t W. R. Terrill— 
with a bayonet, but recalled himself. Terrill reported him, and later they had a 
fist-fight, which was discovered by an officer. The result was that Sheridan was 
suspended until August, 1852. He thought his punishment unduly severe, but 
afterward freely said that he had been treated very leniently. He did not meet 
Terrill after their graduation until both were Brigadier-Generals in the Army of 
the Cumberland, and they became good friends; but shortly after Terrill fell gal¬ 
lantly fighting at Perryville. 

Much angered and humiliated, Sheridan went home to spend the period of 
his supension, and resumed his work of book-keeping in his old place. Nine 
months later he returned to the Academy, and in accordance with the order 
took his place at the foot of his class. 

In June, 1853, he graduated, 34th in a class of 52. The class, in order of 
graduation, were as follows: 


1. Jas. B. McPherson, Ohio. Afterwards Major-General of Volunteers, and commander 
of the Army of the Tennessee. Killed in front of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. 

2. W. P. Craighill, Virginia. In the Engineer Corps during the war, and present Chief 

of the Engineer Corps. , 

3. Joshua W. Sill, Ohio. Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and killed at Stone River. 

4. Wm. R. Boggs, Georgia. Became a Brigadier-General in the rebel army. 

5. Francis J. Shrink, Pennsylvania. Became a Major in the Ordnance Department. 




4 



6. Wm. Soov Smith, Ohio. Became Colonel, 13th Ohio, and '^dier-Gentuw.. 
Volunteers. 

7. John M. Schofield, Illinois. Became Lieutenant-General, U. S. A. Now retired. 

8. Matthew M. Blunt, New York. Became Colonel, U. S. A., and was brevetted for 
gallantry on the Peninsula. 

9. Thos. Hight, Indiana. Became Lieutenant-Colonel, 1st Me. Cav., and Colonel, 
31st Me. 

10. Geo. R. Bissell, Missouri. Resigned in 1856, and became a bank teller at St Louis. 

11. Thos. M. Vincent, Ohio. Brevet Brigadier-General, U. S. A. At present Assistant 
Adjutant-General, U. S. A. 

12. Henry C. Symonds, Massachusetts. Major in the Commissary Department, and 
brevet Colonel for faithful and meritorious services during the rebellion. Resigned at close of 
war to become a merchant at New Orleans. 

13. John S. Bowen, Georgia. Became a Major-General in the rebel army, and was cap¬ 
tured at Vicksburg. 

14. George Bell, Maryland. Major in Commissary Department and Chief Commissary, 
Department of Washington. 

15. Jas. D. Burns, Illinois. Died in 1854. 

16. Wm. R. Terrill, Virginia. Brigadier General of Volunteers. Killed at Perryville. 

17. Louis H. Pelouze, Pennsylvania. A. A. G., Shields’s Division, and brevet 
Brigadier-General, U. S. A. 

18. Owen F. Solomon, Georgia. Died in 1859. 

19. La Rhett L. Livingston, New York. Brevetted for gallantry on the Peninsula. 
Retired as Colonel, U. S. A. 

20. Richard C. Duryea. Colonel, 7th N. Y. H. A. 

21. John G. Chandler, Massachusetts. Chief Quartermaster, Nineteenth Corps. 

22. Robert 0. Tyler, Connecticut. Colonel, 4th Conn, and 1st Conn. H. A., Brevet 
Major-General, U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious services during the rebellion. 

23. Walworth Jenkins. At-Large. Chief Quartermaster, District of Western Kentucky. 

24. N. Bowman Sweitzer. Colonel, 16th N. Y. Cav., and Brigadier-General Volunteers. 

25. Jas. L. White, Florida. Became a Lieutenant-Colonel in the rebel army. 

26. Benjamin Allston, South Carolina. Became a Colonel in the rebel army. 

27. Benj. F. Chamberlain, New York. Major, 1st W. Va. Cav. 

28. John H. Edson. At-Large. Major, 1st Mass. Cav. 

29. Thos. Wilson. At-Large. Lieutenant-Colonel, Commissionary Department, and 
brevet Brigadier-General Volunteers. 

30. W. W. Lowe, Iowa. Colonel, 6th Iowa Cav., and brevet Brigadier-General, U. S. A. 

31. John R. Chambliss, Virginia. Became Brigadier-General in the rebel army, and 
was killed at Deep Bottom, Va. 

32. Wm. McE. Dye, Ohio. Colonel, 20th Iowa, and brevet Brigadier-General Vol¬ 
unteers. 

33. Henry B. Davidson, Tennessee. Became a Brigadier-General in the rebel army. 

34. Philip H. Sheridan, Ohio. General, U. S. A. 

35. Wm. A. Wise, Maine. Colonel, 42d Ill. Died in 1861. 

36. John L. Grattan, New Hampshire. Killed in 1854. 

37. Elmer Otis, Ohio. Brevet Colonel, U. S. A., for faithful services during the war. 

38. Alfred S. Latimer, South Carolina. Brevet Major, U. S. A. 

39. Benj.. F. Smith, New Jersey. Colonel, 1st Ohio; Colonel, 126th Ohio, and brevet 
Brigadier-General Volunteers. 

40. Silas P. Higgins, Alabama. Died in 1860. 

41. Henry H. Walker, Virginia. Became a Brigadier-General in the rebel army. 

42. Edmund C. Jones, Indiana. Was cashiered for drunkenness on duty. 

43. Alex. Chambers, New York. Colonel, 16th Iowa, and Brigadier-General Volunteers. 

44. John B. Hood, Kentucky. Became a full General in the rebel army. 

45. Jas. A. Smith. At-Large. Brigadier-General, rebel army. 

46. Robert F. Hunter, Ohio. Cashiered for drunkenness on duty. 

47. Thos. M. Jones, Virginia. Brigadier-General, rebel army. 

49. Aug. H. Plummer. Captain and A. A. and I. G., Twentieth Corps. 

49. Jas. B. McIntyre, Texas. Brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant services with the 
cavalry of the Army of the Cumberland. 

50. Lucius L. Rich, Missouri. Colonel in rebel army, and killed at Shiloh. 

61. Reuben R. Ross, Tennessee. Captain in rebel army, and killed at Hopkinsville, Ky. 

52. Wm. Craig, Indiana. Captain and Quartermaster. 




SHERIDAN AS A BREVET SECOND LIEUTENANT, 





6 


Entrance into the Army. 

Sheridan graduated so low in his class that he was not entitled to any of the 
prizes which the cadets covet—admission to the Engineer Corps, or the privilege of 
selecting the branch in which he would serve. He was well pleased, therefore, 
when the appointments were read out, to find himself assigned to the 1st U. S. 
Inf. as a brevet Second Lieutenant. His company was then stationed on the Rio 
Grande at Fort Duncan, and thither, at the expiration of his furlough, he went 
to join it. He spent over a year there, undergoing a good many hardships and 
privations, but on the whole he remembered it as one of the happiest of his life. 
The station was far away from any civilization but that of the inhabitants of the 
little Mexican town of Piedras Negras, just across the Rio Grande, the fare was 
Army rations supplemented by an abundance of game, the quarters were such 
rude makeshifts as they could contrive from the scant and scrubby timber in 
the neighborhood, the Indians were numerous and audacious, raiding up to 
within sight of the flag of the camp, and occasionally killing some unfortunate, 
and there was little opportunity for pleasure or recreation. But Sheridan at¬ 
tended closely to his camp duties, became an excellent topographer, acquired 
the talent for making maps for which he was afterward noted, grew into a skil¬ 
ful hunter, danced and flirted a great deal with the half-breed belles of Piedras 
Negras, picked up a fair amount of the Spanish language, and finally took up 
the study of ornithology with a view of making a collection of the bright- 
plumaged birds which pass the Winter along the Rio Grande. One experience 
that he relates is particularly interesting : 

“To prevent scurvy we used the juice of the maguey plant, called “ pulque,” and to 
obtain a supply of this antiscorbutic I was often detailed to march the company out about 
40 miles, cut the plant, load up two or three wagons with the stalks, and carry them to 
camp. Here the juice was extracted by a rude press, and put in bottles until it fermented 
and became worse in odor than sulphureted hydrogen. At reveille roll-call every morning 
this fermented liquor was dealt out to the company, and as it was my duty, in the capacity 
of subaltern, to attend these roll-calls, and see that the men took their ration of pulque, I 
always began the duty by drinking a cup of the repulsive stuff myself. Though hard to 
swallow, its well-known specific qualities in the prevention and cure of scurvy were familiar 
to all, so every man in the command gulped down his share, notwithstanding its vile taste 
and odor.” 

November, 1854, he was promoted to Second Lieutenant in the 4th U. S. Inf., 
then stationed in California and Oregon. He had to go to New York to take a 
ship for the Pacific Coast, and he and Lieut. F. H. Bates took out with them 300 
recruits. He was ordered to join his company at Fort Reading, and relieve 
Second Lieut. John B. Hood. He found that Hood had gone off in command of 
an escort to a surveying party, and though the commanding officer at Fort Read¬ 
ing was reluctant to let him go, because of the treachery and ferocity of the 
Indians in the country, Sheridan insisted on going, and finally was allowed to 
start, with an escort of three men. After an exciting experience with the 
Indians, they finally reached the surveying party, and Sheridan relieved Hood. 
The surveying party finally went into camp on the banks of the Columbia River 
near Fort Vancouver, and Sheridan was there when, in October, 1855, the 
“ Yakima War ” broke out. There had been some frightful massacres of the 
white settlers the previous year, and the Indians of the whole country were up, 
with the avowed intention of driving all the whites out. The incapacity of the 
officer in command—Maj. Gabriel J. Rains, afterwards a Brigadier-General fa 
the rebel army—had resulted in disastrous operations, and it was necessary to do 
something vigorous to quell the Indians and assert the power of the Unitedg 



7 


States. Sheridan was in command of 40 dragoons, and though a very young 
ofhcer, showed an enterprise and fertility of resource which proved that he was 
richly endowed with the talents of a commander. Sheridan tells the story of 
his operations very graphically in his “ Memoirs/’ and the accuracy of it is 
vouched for by other officers who were present at the scene of hostilities: 



LIEUT. SHERIDAN’S EIGHT FOR THE RELIEF OF THE BLOCKHOUSE AT THE CAS¬ 
CADES OF THE COLUMBIA IN 1850 . 

Explanation: 

A. Point of landing-from steamer. F. Crossing to blockhouse. 

B. Route of crossing to south side of river. G. Route of .troops marching up on the south 

C. Route of crossing to island. side of liter. 

D. Route by which the boat was pulled up. H. Route to the island to attack the Indians. 
E- Crossing again to south shore. 


HIs First Fight. 

“ On the morning of March 26 the movement began, but the column [Col. Wright’s] 
bad only reached Five Mile Creek when the Yakimas, joined by many young warriors—free 
lances—from other tribes, made a sudden and unexpected attack at the Cascades of the Colum¬ 
bia, midway between Vancouver and The Dalles, killed several citizens, women and 
children, and took possession of the Portage by besieging the settlers in their cabins at the 
Upper Cascades and those who sought shelter at the Middle Cascades in the old military 
blockhouse, which had been built some years before as a place of refuge under just such cir¬ 
cumstances These points held out and were not captured, but the landing at the Lower 
Cascades fell completely into the hands of the savages. Straggling settlers from the Lower 
Cascades made their way down to Fort Vancouver, distant about 36 miles, which they 
reached that night and communicated the condition of affairs. As the necessity for early 
relief to the settlers and the re-establishment of communication with The Dalles were 
apparent, all the force that could be spared was ordered out, and in consequence I im¬ 
mediately received directions to go with my detachment of dragoons, numbering about 40 
effective men, to the relief of the middle blockhouse, which really meant to retake the Cas¬ 
cades. I got ready at once, and believing that a piece of artillery would be of service to me, 
asked for one, but as there proved to be no guns at the post [Fort Vancouver], I should have 
been obliged to proceed without one had it not been that the regular steamer from San 
Francisco to Portland was lying at the Vancouver dock unloading military supplies, and the 
commander, Capt. Dali, supplied me with a steamer’s small iron cannon, mounted on a 




















8 


* 


wooden platform, which he used in firing salutes at different ports on the arrival and depart¬ 
ure of the vessel. Finding at the arsenal a supply of solid shot that would fit the gun, I 
had it put upon the steamboat Belle, employed to carry my command to the scene of opera¬ 
tions, and started up the Columbia River at 2 a. m. of the 27th. We reached the Lower 
Cascades early in the day, where, selecting a favorable place for the purpose, I disembarked 
my men and gun on the north bank of the river, so that I could send back the steamboat 
to bring up any volunteer assistance that in the meantime might have been collected at 
Vancouver. 

“After getting well in hand everything connected with my little command, I advanced 
with five or six men to the edge of a growth of underbrush to make a reconnoissance. We 
stole along under cover of this underbrush until we reached the open ground leading over 
the causeway or narrow neck before mentioned, when the enemy opened fire and killed a 
soldier near my side by a shot which, just grazing the bridge of my nose, struck him in the 
neck, opening an artery and breaking the spinal cord. He died instantly. The Indians at 
once made a rush for his body, but my men in the rear, coming quickly to the rescue, drove 
them back, and Capt. Dali’s gun being now brought into play, many solid shots were thrown 
into the jungle where they lay concealed, with the effect of considerably modifying their 
impetuosity. Further skirmishing at long range took place at intervals during the day, 
with little gain or loss, however, to either side, for both parties held positions which could 
not be assailed in flank, and only the extreme of rashness in either could prompt a front 
attack. My left was protected by the back water driven into the slough by the high stage 
of the river, and my right rested secure on the main stream. Between us was only the 
narrow neck of land, to cross which would be certain death. The position of the Indians was 
almost the exact counterpart of ours. 

“In the evening I sent a report of the situation back to Vancouver by the steamboat, 
retaining a large Hudson’s Bay bateau which I had brought up with me. Examining this 
I found it would carry about 20 men,-and made up my mind that early next morning I 
would cross the command to the opposite or south side of the Columbia River, and make 
my way up along the mountain base until I arrived abreast the middle blockhouse, which 
was still closely besieged, and then at some favorable point recross to the north bank to its 
relief, endeavoring in this manner to pass around and to the rear of the Indians, whose 
position confronting me was too strong for a direct attack. This plan was hazardous, but I 
believed it would be successfully carried out if the boat could be taken with me; but should 
I not be able do to this I felt that the object contemplated in sending me out would miser¬ 
ably fail, and the small band cooped up at the blockhouse would soon starve or fall a prey tp 
the Indians, so I concluded to risk all the chances the plan involved. 

“ On the morning of March 28 the savages were still in my front, and after giving 
them some solid shot from Capt. Dali’s gun we slipped down to the river bank, and the de¬ 
tachment crossed by means of the Hudson’s Bay boat, making a landing on the opposite 
shore at a point where the south channel of the river, after flowing around Bradford’s 
Island, joins the main stream. It was then about 9 o’clock, and everything had thus far 
proceeded favorably, but an examination of the channel showed that it would be impossible 
to get the boat up the rapids along the mainland and that success could only be assured by 
crossing the south channel just below the rapids to the island, along the shore of which 
there was every probability we could pull a boat through the rocks and swift water until the 
head of the rapids was reached, from which point to the blockhouse there was smooth water. 

“Telling the men of the embarrassment in which I found myself, and that if I could 
get enough of them to man the boat and pull it up the stream by a rope to the shore, we 
would cross to the island and make the attempt. 

“ All volunteered to go; but as 10 men seemed sufficient, I selected that number to 
accompany me. Before starting, however, I deemed it prudent to find out if possible what 
was engaging the attention of the Indians, who had not yet discovered that we had left 
their front. I therefore climbed up the side of the abrupt mountain which skirted the 
water’s edge until I could see across the island. From this point I observed the Indians 
running horseraces and otherwise enjoying themselves behind the line they had held against 
me the day before. The squaws decked out in gay colors, and the men gaudily dressed in 
war bonnets, made the scene more attractive; but, as everything looked propitious for the 
dangerous enterprise in hand, I spent little time watching them. Quickly returning to the 
boat, I crossed to the island with my 10 men, threw ashore the rope attached to the bow, 
and commenced the difficult task of pulling her up the rapids. We got along slowly at 
first, but soon striking a camp of old squaws who had been left on the island for safety, 
and had not gone over to the mainland (north shore) to seethe races, we utilized them to our 
advantage. With unmistakable threats and signs we made them keep quiet, but also give 
us much-needed assistance in pulling vigorously on the tow-rope of our boat. 



9 


** I was laboring under a dreadful strain of mental anxiety during all this time; for, 
had the Indians discovered what we were about, they could easily have come over to the island 
in their canoes, and, by forcing us to take up our arms to repel their attack, doubtless 
would have obliged the abandonment of the boat, and that essential adjunct to the final 
success of my plan would have gone down the rapids. Indeed, under such circumstances, it 
would have been impossible for 10 men to hold out against 200 or 300 Indians; but the 
island forming an excellent screen to our movements, we were not discovered, and when we 
reached the smooth water at the upper end of the rapids we quickly crossed over and joined 
the rest of the men, who in the meantime had worked their way along the south bank of 
the river parallel with us. I felt very grateful to the old squaws for the assistance they 
rendered. They worked well under compulsion, and manifested no disposition to strike for 
higher wages. Indeed, I was so much relieved when we had crossed over from the island 
and joined the rest of the party, that I mentally thanked the squaws one and all. I 
had much difficulty in keeping the men on the main shore from cheering at our success, but 
hurriedly taking into the bateau all of them it could carry, I sei\t the balance along the 
southern bank, where the railroad is now built, until both detachments arrived at a point 
opposite the blockhouse, when, crossing to the north bank, I landed below the blockhouse 
some little distance, and returned the boat for the balance of the men, who joined me in a 
few minutes. 

“ When the Indians attacked the people at the Cascades on the 26th word was sent to 
Col. Wright, up the river, who had already got out from The Dalles a few miles on his 
expedition to the Spokane country. He immediately turned his column back, and soon after 
I had landed and communicated with the beleaguered blockhouse the advance of his com¬ 
mand arrived, under Lieut.-CoL Edward J. Steptoe. I reported to Steptoe, and related 
what had occurred during the past 36 hours, gave him a description of the festivities that 
were going on at the Lower Cascades, and also communicated the intelligence that the 
Yakimas had been joined by the Cascade Indians when the place was first attacked. I 
also told him it was my belief that when he pushed down the main shore the latter tribe, 
without doubt, would cross over to the island we bad just left, while the former would take 
to the mountains. Steptoe coincided with me in this opinion, and informing me that Lieut. 
Alexander Piperjwould join my detachment with a mountain howitzer, directed me to convey 
the command to the island and gobble up all who came over to it. 

“Lieut. Piper and I landed on the island with the first boatload, and after disembark¬ 
ing the howitzer we fired two or three shots to let the Indians know we had artillery with 
us, then advanced down the island with the whole of my command, which had arrived in 
4he meantime. All the men were deployed as skirmishers except a small detachment to 
operate the howitzer. Near the lower end of the island we met, as I had anticipated, the 
entire body of Cascade Indians—men, women and children—whose homes were in the 
vicinity of the Cascades. They were very much frightened and demoralized at the turn 
events had taken, for the Yakimas at the approach of Steptoe had abandoned them, as 
predicted, and fled to the mountains. The chief and head-men said they had nothing to do 
with the capture of the Cascades, with the murder of men at the upper landing, nor with 
the massacre of men, women and children near the blockhouse, and put all the blame on 
the Yakimas and their allies. I did not believe this, however, and to test the truth of their 
statement formed them all in line with their muskets in hand. Going up to the first man 
on the right I accused him of having engaged in the massacre, but was met by a vigorous 
denial. Putting my forefinger into the muzzle of the gun, I found unmistakable signs of its 
having been recently discharged. My forefinger was black with the stains of burnt powder, 
and holding it up to the Indian, he had nothing more to say in the face of such positive 
evidence of his guilt. A further examination proved that all the guns were in the same con¬ 
dition. Their arms were at once taken possession of, and, leaving a small force to look after 
the women and children and very old men, so that there could be no possibility of escape, I 
arrested 13 of the principal miscreants, crossed the river to the lower landing, and placed 
them in charge of a strong guard.” 

This exploit gained Sheridan a high opinion in the minds of his superior 
officers, and he was complimented by Gen. Scott in General Orders from the 
Headquarters of the Army. The captured Indians were tried by a military com 
mission, and nine of them executed by hanging. The revolt was suppressed, and 
peace restored. 

Sheridan was sent to join his own company, which was under the command 
of Capt. D. A. Russell, at Fort Yamhill, and remained there until the rebellion 


broke out, with a good deal of duty all the time to keep him employed. Part of 
the time he was Quartermaster, and did much road-building; then he would be in 
command of expeditions sent to restore peace at distant points; but generally he 
had the duty of keeping a police control of the Indians throughout the district. 
He had learned “ Chinook,” the common language of all the Northwest Indians, 
until he was quite as proficient in it as they were, and this helped him much. 
The “ Medicine ” men and women gave the officers a great deal of trouble. They 
taught their people many absurd and injurious superstitions, and robbed them 
shamelessly, under the pretext of causing and curing diseases. On the other 
hand, when the patient died the relatives would try to kill the “ doctor,” and he 
or she would flee to the post for security, until a bargain could be made. 
Sheridan confesses that often he wished that, the avengers would catch up with 
some of the worser humbugs. On one occasion they actually did this, and killed 
a doctress right on the parade-ground, 16 shots being fired into her body before any¬ 
body could interfere. This insult to the Flag could not be endured, and Sheridan 
went over to the village to demand the surrender of the 16 murderers. The Indians 
were very insolent, and became so threatening that he reached for his revolver, when 
he found it had been stolen during the heated interview. He beat a retreat, as 
dignified as he could, and went back to camp. Capt. Russell gave him 50 men, 
and ordered him to get the 16 murderers and his revolver. The Indians made 
ready to fight, and boasted that they had never been whipped by the whites, and 
could not be; but Sheridan stole past their flank, captured one of their principal 
chiefs as he was making ready to go out to battle, and came up in the rear of the 
fighting party which was in position. The matter was finally settled by shooting 
one Indian, making the other 15 work around the fort for awhile, with ball and 
chain, and the return of Sheridan’s revolver. Sheridan pays a high compliment 
to Capt. D. A. Russell’s management of the Indians, which broke up many of 
their superstitions, and converted them into industrious, thrifty, church-going 
people. 


The Outbreak of the War. 

Sheridan was intensely loyal from the first, and deeply disappointed when 
his regiment was ordered East in 1861 that he could not accompany it, but must 
hold his post until relieved. Yet he had such suspicions of the loyalty of the 
officer sent to relieve him, that he would not give up command, but retained it 
until an officer in whom he had confidence could be sent. So many vacancies 
had occurred in the service by reason of the resignations of Southern officers, that 
by September Sheridan found himself a Captain, and assigned to the 13th U. S. 
Inf., of which W. T. Sherman was Colonel. He came East for the first time sinc6 
he went to the Pacific Coast, paid a brief visit to his parents, and then joined his 
regiment at St. Louis. Gen. Halleck soon sent for him and made him President 
of a board for auditing the accounts of the disbursing officers in his great Depart¬ 
ment, which had got into very bad shape under the loose and extravagant 
administration of John C. Fremont. After some weeks of this work he was 
relieved and appointed Chief Quartermaster and Commissary of the Army of 
Southwest Missouri, which was being organized under Gen. S. R. Curtis, to drive 
the rebels out of Missouri and Arkansas. 

He threw himself with the greatest energy into the herculean work of 
providing the troops with adequate transportation and supplies for a long 
campaign into the enemy’s country. He had enormous difficulties to contend 



11 


with. Part of the regiments had long trains of wagons; the greater part had 
none. The fortunate Colonels almost came to blows with him before they would 
give up any of their equipment. The roads were so terrible that the army ate up 
its supplies from day to day, and nothing could be accumulated. Sheridan took 
possession of the mills for a wide stretch of country on either .side the line of 
march, put into them expert millers from the army, set other men to gathering 
the wheat and corn from the fields and barns, and so supplied the army with 
flour and meal. He likewise had to fight corrupt men who were enriching them¬ 
selves at the expense of the Government, and unfortunately one of these had 
gotten the confidence of Gen. Curtis, and made it so unpleasant for Sheridan at 
Headquarters that, after having brilliantly provided for the army which won the 
victory at Pea Ridge, he asked to be relieved. His enemy was made his successor 
and his evil practices were eventually instrumental in pulling down Gen. Curtis. 
After the war he went to Chicago, became President of a bank, and wrecked it, 
and was at length sent to the penitentiary for stealing a large sum of money from 
the Treasury at Washington, where he was employed as a clerk. 

In spite of his disagreement with Gen. Curtis, Sheridan recognized all his 
good qualities, and helped secure for him the credit for the victory at Pea Ridge, 
which it was attempted to take away from him. 

Sheridan was anxious to get into active field service, and finally succeeded 
in being detailed to Gen. Halleck’s staff at Pittsburg Landing, though it was in 
the capacity of Quartermaster for the Headquarters. But he performed the 
duties with energy and ability, and soon his opportunity came. 


Promoted to Colonel. 

The 2d Mich. Cav. was in an unsatisfactory shape, and a change had to be 
made as to the Colonel. The matter was brought to the attention of Gov. Blair, 
^of Michigan, who had come down to Pittsburg Landing to look after the sick and 
wounded from his State. Capt. R. A. Alger, of the regiment, had, with the 
unfailing judgment of men which has made his success in life, become -impressed 
with the merits of Sheridan, and he got Lieut. Frank Walbridge, the Regimental 
Quartermaster, to join with him in pressing Sheridan upon the Governor’s 
attention. The result was that, May 25, 1862, the Governor issued an order 
appointing him Colonel of the 2d Mich. Cav. That afternoon Sheridan hastily 
turned over the Government property in his possession to another officer, and 
made all speed to the camp of the regiment, in order to lead it upon an expedi¬ 
tion to which it had been ordered. That expedition was the making of Sheridan’s 
reputation as a commander. The object was to get into the rear of the rebels at 
Corinth, cut the railroad, and do all possible damage to their line of supplies. 
For aggressiveness, boldness and success it surpassed anything of the kind so far 
done in the war. The command went with settled determination to hurt the 
rebels badly, and succeeded amazingly. Every time a rebel force showed itself it 
was struck, and struck quick and hard, no matter how big it might be, and the 
command acquired a confidence in itself that never left it. It broke the railroad 
so that the rebels could not carry off the great amount of rolling stock accumu¬ 
lated at Corinth, 26 cars, loaded with 10,000 small arms, were burned, and a 
great amount of military and personal stores was destroyed. A large number of 
prisoners were taken, but had to be abandoned. One incident in the expedition 
was the spirited little battle of Booneville, where Sheridan, with 827 men in his 
command, and 90 more under Capt. Alger, used as a flanking party, attacked 



12 


Gen. Chalmers’s force of six regiments and two battalions, and drove it from 
the field, Sheridan employing some of his old Indian tactics to “ get the bulge ” 
on his enemy. Chalmers lost severely, while Sheridan’s loss in the entire expedi¬ 
tion was only 41 men. So brilliant was this exploit that Brig.-Gens. Rosecrans, 
Sullivan, Granger, Elliot, and Asboth sent a telegram to Gen. Halleck asking for 
Sheridan’s promotion to Brigadier-General, saying: 

“ He is worth his weight in gold. His Ripley expedition has brought us captured 
letters of immense value, as well as prisoners, showing the rebel plans and dispositions.” 

The promotion was made, to date from the battle of Booneville, July 1,1862, 
though Sheridan was not aware of it for some time after. 

Here he was also presented, by Capt. Archibald P. Campbell, of the 2d 
Mich. Cav., with the afterward-famous black horse “Rienzi,” a fine, large animal, 
of Morgan stock, about three years old, a very fast walker, and with great powers 
of endurance. 


Joins the Army of the Cumberland. 

Bragg’s raid into Kentucky called for troops to be hurried forward to inter¬ 
cept him, and Sheridan’s Brigade—then consisting of the 2d Mich. Cav., Hes- 
cock’s Battery, the 2d and 15th Mo., and the 36th and 44th Ills.—was sent to 
Louisville. Gen. Grant, who had resumed command, was reluctant to let Sheri¬ 
dan go, but Sheridan thought there were more chances of usefulness in Kentucky, 
and shortly after his arrival at Louisville found his command increased to a divis¬ 
ion, and officially known as the “Eleventh Division, Army of the Ohio.’* With 
this he marched to Perryville, and gave a good account of it in that abortive and 
sadly-mismanaged battle. 

Sheridan made every effort to bring his division to the highest point of 
efficiency, and was admirably seconded by an unusually fine set of Brigade Com¬ 
manders and Colonels. Gen. J. W. Sill commanded his First Brigade, Col. Fred. 
Schaefer his Second, and Col. Geo. W. Roberts his Third. With this divison he 
took his position on the battlefield of Stone River, to the right of the Wilkinson 
Pike, with Davis’s Division to his right, and Johnson’s Division to the right of 
Davis. 

He had his division cook breakfast and be under arms before dawn on the 
morning of the momentous 31st of December. The overwhelming: attack of the 
enemy on cur thin right flank crushed Johnson’s Division, and swept back two of 
Davis’s Brigades, and then the storm broke on Sheridan. The fighting at once be¬ 
came desparate, as the enemy had concentrated heavy masses on the division. 
Several determined assaults were repulsed with great slaughter, and in some in¬ 
stances followed up by counter-charges. Gen. Sill was killed in one of the earlier 
of these and Col. Greusel succeeded to the command of the brigade. All the 
troops to the right being driven back, Sheridan was at length compelled to fall 
back to a new position, which he did in excellent order, in spite of his terrible losses. 
He was again attacked by Cheatham’s and Hardee’s Divisions, and another terrible 
struggle ensued, into which two-thirds of Bragg’s army was drawn. But Sheridan 
succeeded in repulsing every assault, and holding his ground until a new line of 
battle could be formed in the rear. This was done at fearful cost to his little 
command. Col. Roberts was killed, and Col. Harrington, who succeeded him, was 
a few minutes later mortally wounded. A little later Col. Schaefer was killed, 
making four brigade commanders in the division, and about one-third of the men 
were either killed or wounded. Rosecrans thanked Sheridan in the midst of the 



13 


fight for the fine work he had done. Certainly his stubborn resistance had brought 
Bragg’s turning movement to failure, and helped greatly to win the final victory. 
His division took into battle 4,154 men, and lost 1,633 killed, wounded or miss¬ 
ing—nearly 40 per cent. This was the severest fighting and loss in any of Sheri¬ 
dan’s battles. 

Sheridan employed the long halt of the Army of the Cumberland around 
Murfreesboro in reorganizing his command, getting it in the best shape for future 
service, and in making himself thoroughly acquainted with the country and the 
enemy’s position, strength, and intentions. He was promoted to Major-General of 
Volunteers for Stone River. On the Tullahoma Campaign his brigades were 
commanded by Gen. W. H. Lytle, Col. Laiboldt, and Col. Bradley, and his artil¬ 
lery by Capt. Henry Hescock. 


On the Chattanooga Campaign. 

Sheridan was the first to learn that Bragg was concentrating for a fight, and 
was being reinforced by Longstreet. Sheridan immediately communicated his in¬ 
formation to Headquarters, and all haste was made to get the army together for 
the battle. 

His division, which was on the right of the line at Chickamauga, became 
heavily engaged early in the battle, and it had continuous and sharp fighting 
until the break took place on his left, which compelled his retirement to Rossville. 
He took 4,000 muskets into the fight, and lost 1,517 killed, wounded and missing, 
including Gen. Lytle killed, and Col. Bradley wounded. 

During the siege of Chattanooga he managed to secure a large supply of 
food and forage from the Sequatchie Valley, and carried his command through 
the starvation period in better shape than any other. 

In the reorganization of the army he was placed in command of the Second 
Division of the Fourth Corps, and his command contained about 25 small but 
veteran regiments and six batteries of artillery. 

In the assault on Mission Ridge Sheridan’s Division bore a conspicuous part. 
Gen. Sheridan understood the orders to be to go to the foot of the Ridge, but he 
thought that it was just as well to go on up, and sent a staff officer to ask for 
directions. The officer came back with orders to stop at the foot, but by this time 
the troops were pretty well up, and Sheridan told them to go ahead, and went with 
them. He was almost directly opposite Bragg’s Headquarters, and his divi¬ 
sion swept irresistibly over the works on the summit. He pursued the rebels with 
relentless energy, by the moonlight, and was near the crossing of Chickamauga 
Creek by midnight, when he feared that he was getting too far from support, and 
halted. His energy greatly impressed Gen. Grant, and was probably the strong¬ 
est reason for his subsequent promotion. He took about 6,000 men into the fight, 
and lost 1,204. This was about one-third of the entire casualties of the Union 
army. He captured 1,762 prisoners and 17 pieces of artillery. 

He participated in the East Tennessee Campaign, where there was much 
hardship and suffering, and but little fighting, and while his regiments were 
veteranizing, took a leave of absence home, of which he was badly in need, since 
the trials of the campaign told heavily upon him. It was his first leave since his 
entrance into the Army in 1853. He returned, much bettered, to his command in 
March, 1864, and began to prepare it for the Atlanta Campaign. 



14 


Transferred to the Army of the Potomac. 

March 12,1864, Lieut.-Gen. U. S. Grant was assigned to the. command 
of all the Armies of the United States, and immediately set about reorganizing 
the Army of the Potomac. He found reasons why a number of high officials 
should be relieved, and among them was Gen. Alfred Pleasonton, who commanded 
the cavalry. Grant felt that the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac had not 
justified proper expectations, and so a new Chief of Cavalry must be found. 

The Headquarters of the Army of the Cumberland were mightily surprised 
to receive the following brief telegram: 

Washington, March 23, 1864. 

Maj.-Gen. Thomas, Chattanooga: Lieut.-Gen. Grant directs that Maj.-Gen Sheridan 
immediately repair to Washington and report to the Adjutant General of the Army. 

H. W. Halleck, 

Major-General, Chief of Staff. 

Sheridan, who was at Loudon, Tenn., had no idea what this meant, but felt 
sure that it meant a separation from the division to which he was strongly 
attached and which almost idolized him. He could not trust himself to a formal 
leave taking, but they all gathered to see him off, and gave him every evidence of 
their deep affection. 

When Sheridan reached Chattanooga he learned for the first time that he 
was to be assigned to the command of the Cavalry of the Army of the Potomac 
and the news staggered him. It was a more important command than he had ever 
expected. He knew absolutely no one in the Army of the Potomac, and was 
ignorant as possible of the theater of war. Nevertheless, he decided to accept, and 
took with him his dear friend, Capt. James W. Forsyth, of the Regular Army, 
his own brother, M. V. Sheridan, and some other Aids, to begin his staff, and ‘ 
April 4 reached Washington, where he had an interview with Gen. Halleck, who 
outlined in a general way the duties of his new position. He then took him over 
to see Secretary Stanton, and Sheridan gives this account of his interview with the 
great War Secretary: 

I was rather young in appearance—looking even under than over 33 years—but five 
feet five inches in hight, and thin almost to emaciation, weighing only 115 pounds. If I had 
ever possessed any self assertion in manner or speech, it certainly vanished in the presence 
of the imperious Secretary, whose name at that time was the synonym for all that was cold 
and formal. I never learned what Mr. Stanton’s first impressions of me were, and his 
guarded and rather calculating manner gave me at this time no intimation that they were 
either favorable or unfavorable, but his frequent commendation in after years indicated that 
I had gained his good will before the close of the war, if not when I first came under his 
notice. And a more intimate association convinced me that the cold and cruel characteristics 
popularly ascribed to him were more mythical than real. 

Assumes Command of the Cavalry. 

Sheridan promptly left the city the next day for Brandy Station, where he 
arrived in the evening, and the following morning assumed command of the 
cavalry. He found his corps to consist of three divisions, commanded by Gens. 
Torbert, Gregg, and Kilpatrick. He soon relieved Kilpatrick and put Gen. Jas. 
H. Wilson in his stead. 

He held a review and found that he had about 12,000 men in very good 
shape, and about as many horses in less satisfactory condition, as they were badly 
run down by excessive work. 

At once a strong divergence of views developed between Sheridan and Gen. 
Meade as to the uses and functions of cavalry. Meade had no use for cavalry for 



15 


fighting purposes. His idea of their functions was to be pickets and train guards. 
He wanted the Chief of Cavalry to be virtually a member of his staff, and super¬ 
vise all the operations of the corps from his Headquarters. The horses were worn 
out by the duty of maintaining a picket line about 60 miles long, and of chasing 
bands of rebel raiders who were making forays on our trains and the country in 
the rear of the army. 


Sheridan’s Great Raid. 

Sheridan set forth very energetically that the infantry ought to do its own 
picketing, and that the best way to get rid of the rebel raiders was to take the 
cavalry out in a body and whip the enemy’s cavalry thoroughly, which would give 



GEN. SHERIDAN’S WAR HORSE, RIENZ1. 


them something else to think about than our trains. Meade would scarcely listen 
at first, but at length yielded so far as to relieve the cavalry of picket duty, and 
so the horses got about two weeks in which to rest, pick up, and prepare for the 
real cavalry service that Sheridan had in mind. He succeeded in being allowed 
to mass his cavalry, after providing for the safety of the trains, etc., but this was 
about as far as Meade would let him go. Sheridan had felt that the operations 
to be entered upon would speedily vindicate his plan, and so he bided his time, 
studied up the country over which they Were to move with his accustomed 
thoroughness, and got very full and accurate information as to the position of the 
enemy. He had 10,000 cavalry well in hand when the army crossed the Rapidan, 
May 4, and he took up his quarters at Chancel!orsville, with a very clear idea as 
to what he wanted to do. Had he been allowed to carry out this plan it would ( 





16 


have saved much fighting, possibly the battle of Spottsyl vania. But Gen. 
Meade interfered in a most annoying way, countermanding Sheridan’s orders to 
his division commanders and deranging all his combinations. 

This culminated in a stormy scene at Gen. Meade’s Headquarters, May 8, in 
which both Meade and Sheridan lost their tempers. Sheridan finally told Meade 
that he could whip Stuart’s cavalry and get rid of them, if allowed to do so hia 
own way, but since Meade insisted on commanding the cavalry himself, he could 
do it, and he (Sheridan) would not give it another order. 

Meade went immediately to Grant’s Headquarters to report Sheridan’s con¬ 
duct, and in repeating the conversation mentioned that Sheridan had said that he 
could whip Stuart if allowed to do so. 

Grant at once said : " Did he say so ? Then let him go out and do it.” 

This was a surprise to Meade, but he lost no time in getting his troublesome 
subordinate away from him. At 1 o’clock that day he issued an order for Sheri¬ 
dan to concentrate his available mounted force, and proceed against the enemy's 
cavalry, after which he could swing around to Haxall’s Landing on the James 
and report to Gen. Butler to renew his supplies. 

Sheridan lost as little time in entering upon the execution of his design. He 
immediately began the concentration of his men, and sending for Division Com¬ 
manders Gregg, Merritt and Wilson, told them what had occurred in Meade’s 
tent, and that they were now going out on the bold plan of fighting a cavalry duel 
to the death with Stuart behind Lee’s lines. The proposition was startling in its 
daring, but they all entered into it with enthusiasm, and began preparing to set 
out the next morning. 

Three days’ rations for the men and a small ration of grain for the horses 
were distributed, and early on the morning of May 9 Merritt’s Division led out 
on the Plank Road to pass Lee’s flank and get far in his rear. Though the col¬ 
umn was 13 miles long it succeeded in passing Lee’s right without being sus¬ 
pected, until the rear had passed Massaponax Church. 

Then Stuart waked up to the imminent danger threatening from such a power¬ 
ful movement, and dropping all thought of our flanks and trains, rushed off to 
save Richmond and Lee’s communications and supplies. He had lost much valu¬ 
able time, and lost more by misdirected manuvers. Sheridan had gained the 
Virginia Central Railroad, and was burning bridges, depots, cars, locomotives, 
rations, ammunition, etc., in a most terrible way. Stuart at first tried to draw 
him off by attacking his rear, but Davies’s Brigade offered so effective a resistance 
that nothing could be gained there, while Sheridan was constantly pushing on 
toward Richmond. Stuart therefore pulled off, made a long forced march around 
Sheridan, to throw himself in front of the Union cavalry and save Richmond. 

Sheridan found him posted at Yellow Tavern, some three or four miles from 
Richmond. One of the greatest cavalry fights in the history of war ensued, in 
which Stuart and one of his brigade commanders were killed, the enemy routed at 
all points, and driven inside the inner works around Richmond. The most intense 
excitement was produced in the rebel capital, and troops were brought in from all 
available points to defend the city. It was impossible for the jaded cavalrv to 
successfully attack the well-manned inner works, but Sheridan quietly moved 
around the city, inside the outer works, and after some sharp and successful fight¬ 
ing, crossed the Chickahominy and reached Haxall’s Landing. 

The effect of this bold movement was prodigiously depressing upon the enemy, 
and correspondingly encouraging to our people. 

After delivering over his prisoners, captured cannon, etc., to Gen. Butler, 


1 7 

caring for his wounded, refitting, resupplying, etc., Sheridan became anxious to- 
get back to the Army of the Potomac, and though the enemy tried hard to prevent 
this, he rejoined the army at Chesterfield Station, May 24. The Cavalry Corps 
then led the advance of the army across the Pamunkey and toward Richmond, 
giving invaluable information as to the strength and movements of the enemy, and 
for the first time in the history of war fighting infantry on equal terms. At 
Hawes’s Shop, Cold Harbor, and other places the cavalry dismounted and fought 
and won savage battles against infantry behind works. It was something start¬ 
lingly new in the history of cavalry, and immensely raised the estimation in which 
that arm was held. 

The next work given him was to swing around Richmond to the north, strike 
the railroad and canal to the west of the city, so as to draw off the enemy’s cav¬ 
alry, and thus facilitate the passage of the James River by the Army of the Po¬ 
tomac. He took two divisions for this—Gregg’s and Torbert’s, 6,000 strong—and 
struck out for Charlottesville. He first encountered the enemy in equal force at 
Trevillian Station, on the Virginia Central Railroad, where a desperate fight ensued, 
resulting in the defeat of Wade Hampton. This was followed by the fight at 
Mallory’s Crossroads, which was very sharp but indecisive. Then Sheridan 
learned that Gen. Hunter, with whom he expected to unite at Charlottesville, was 
marching away, instead of toward him, and as he was encumbered with a great 
number of wounded and prisoners, and was very short of ammunition, he decided 
to return, and marched back to White House, on the Pamunkey, and thence re¬ 
joined the Army of the Potomac in front of Petersburg. Sheridan kept himself 
busily employed in harassing and hurting the enemy until July 31, when he was 
called to Gen. Grant’s tent and informed that he had been appointed to command 
the troops in the Shenandoah Valley. 

IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY. 


Sheridan Becomes Commander of an Independent Army and 
Conducts Campaigns of the Greatest Brilliancy. 

The Shenandoah Valley had acquired a dismal character as the graveyard 
of the reputation of every commanding officer who had operated in it. Gens. 
Patterson, Banks, Fremont, Sigel, and Hunter had all entered the Valley with 
high hopes of achieving great results, and each had left it with a sad diminution 
of his fame. This was not altogether the fault of any one of them, for the mis¬ 
take had been made of dividing up the commands, so that they had never acted in 
unison, but had been beaten in detail. Gen. Grant understood this, and, though 
he was unable to secure the consolidation of the Military Departments, he deter¬ 
mined that the troops in the field should be under one command, and, after Gen. 
Hunter’s failure, he decided to supersede him by Gen. Sheridan. Sheridan seema 
to have had as little idea of this as he had of being appointed to command the 
Cavalry of the Army of the Potomac, and to have felt something the same way 
about it. He, however, promptly accepted, and immediately started for his new 
command. On his way through Washington he called on President Lincoln, 
who frankly told him that he and Secretary Stanton had opposed Gen. Grants 
designation of him as commander, on account of his youth, but that he hoped tlie 
Belection would be justified. 

Sheridan at once concentrated his army at Halltown, took up his Head¬ 
quarters at Harper’s Ferry, and began, as usual, to make himself minutely ao 



«juainted with the country and the enemy. His force consisted of the Sixth 
Corps, one division of the Nineteenth Corps, two of the Eighth Corps, and a di¬ 
vision of cavalry, numbering altogether about 26,000 effectives. The enemy, w 7 ho 
were commanded by Jubal A. Early, consisted of four infantry and one cavalry 
division, numbering altogether about 20,000 effectives. Sheridan, while thus 
superior in force, had much more to do with it than his enemy, for he had to 
guard a large extent of country, to protect the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and 
prevent incursions into Maryland and Pennsylvania, which had a moral and 
political effect on the excited public in the North far exceeding their military 
importance. 

Moreover, there was constant danger that Lee would repeat his old trick of 
suddenly detaching from his own army enough reinforcements for the Shenandoah 
Valley to overwhelm the Union force there. 

For nearly six weeks Sheridan skilfully fenced with Early for position and 
advantage. Sometimes Early would have a large preponderance of force, sent 
him by Lee, and try to bring Sheridan to battle under disadvantageous terms, but 
Sheridan was never caught in this way. Then Early would throw a small force 
across the Potomac and make a hubbub there, which he hoped would compel 
Sheridan to attack him. Sheridan would have been only too glad to have Early 
take his whole force across the Potomac, for then he would do what the Army of 
the Potomac should have done in the Antietam and Gettysburg campaigns— 
follow up the rear of the rebel army and destroy it before it could get back to 
the Potomac. 

The manuvering had one effect that Early desired: Every time that he would 
send a squad over into Maryland and Pennsylvania, and steal a few horses, or 
burn some barns, there would go up a great clamor about “ another rebel invasion 
of the North,” the Copperheads would make much political capital out of it in 
the Presidential campaign then in progress, and the authorities at Washington 
would be correspondingly disconcerted. They got so nervous, in fact, that 

GEN. GRANT WAS SENT FOR 

to visit Sheridan and give him instructions. As to this visit Gen. Grant says: 

Before starting, I had drawn np a plan of campaign for Sheridan, which I had brought 
with me, but seeing that he was so clear and positive in his views, and so confident of success, 
I said nothing about this, and did not take it out of my pocket. 

The manuvers and combats had been generally in favor of th* Union army, 
but Sheridan was anxious, before risking a general battle, which would have 
important political as well as military results, to be certain that enough of Early’s 
troops had been returned to Lee to make the forces nearly equal. He knew 
that Lee was very anxious to get back Kershaw’s Division, and the reports were 
that it had been sent back. To make sure of this Sheridan sent a message written 
on tissue paper, and inclosed in tin-foil, so that it could be carried in the mouth 
of the negro messenger, to Miss Rebecca Wright, a loyal young woman, who was 
teaching school in Winchester. Miss Wright returned by the same means a 
letter informing him that Kershaw’s Division and Cutshaw’s Artillery had been 
sent back to Richmond. Sheridan decided to attack at once upon a plan of battle 
which he had long before worked out. 


i 



*FROM C. M. BELL’S PHOTOGRAPH 


GEN. P. H. SHERIDAN. 
















Battle of Opequon. 

His army moved at 3 a. m. Sept. 19, 1864, found the enemy strongly posted 
on a line of hills two miles east of Winchester, and by noon the battle opened 
with the greatest energy, with all arms of the service doing their full share. 
Sheridan differed from other Generals in knowing how to use cavalry, artillery, 
and infantry in conjunction and to fullest effect. The fight was everywhere 
bloody and obstinate, but everywhere Sheridan’s plans were thoroughly carried 
out. The cavalry, under Torbert, turned the rebel left flank and rode the infantry 
down ; the Eighth Corps, under Crook, crushed the right flank, and the Sixth and 
Nineteenth Corps burst through the center. By dark Early was “sent whirling 
up the Valley ” in hopeless defeat. The Union loss was about 4,500, including 
the lamented death of Gen. D. A. Russell, Sheridan’s old Captain and sincere 
friend, who commanded the First Division of the Sixth Corps. The rebel loss 
was about the same, and included a division commander, Gen. Rodes. The Union 
army captured five cannon and nine battle-flags. 

One of the first things that Sheridan did after entering Winchester was to 
call on Miss Rebecca Wright, whose information had been of such service to him. 

The country was enthusiastic over the brilliant victory and Sheridan re¬ 
ceived the heartiest congratulations from President Lincoln, Secretary Stanton, 
and Gens. Grant, Meade, and Sherman. President Lincoln promoted him to 
Brigadier-General in the Regular Army. 


Battle of Fisher’s Hill. 

Early gathered his routed forces together in a seemingly impregnable position 
at Fisher’s Hill, and thither Sheridan at once followed him. He brought up his 
men close to the enemy and made every preparation for an assault in front, which 
Early hoped that he would make. While thus closely occupying the enemy’s at¬ 
tention, Crook’s Corps was quietly moved up the mountain, out of sight of the 
rebels, to a point where it could fall with crushing effect upon the rebel left flank. 
The battle turned out just as planned. Suddenly as if from the clouds, the Eighth 
Corps dropped on the rebel left and rear, and at the same time the other corps 
assaulted in front, and the rebels went away in a stampede, leaving cannon, stores, 
etc., to the victors. The only thing that prevented the ruin of Early’s army 
being complete was the failure of the cavalry, under Torbert and Averell, to do 
their share. For this Averell was relieved from command and Torbert disciplined. 

The enemy was pursued as far as Waynesboro, and then, being far from 
their supplies, the army fell back, destroying all crops in the fields and barns and 
carrying off the cattle, so as to prevent the rebels raiding down the Valley again. 
All the able-bodied males under 50 were brought away to prevent their being 
forced into the rebel army. Mills filled with grain were burned, but the dwelling^ 
houses saved. 

Torbert was given an opportunity of retrieving himself by giving an 
effective whipping to Rosser, who had succeeded to the command of all the rebel 
cavalry in the Valley, and Sheridan went with him to see him do it. The fight 
took place at Tom s Brook, Oct. 9, and for two hours was a severe one, botli sides 
relying on the saber, and charging one another sword in hand. At last the rebel 
line was utterly smashed and chased 26 miles, losing 11 cannon, all their wagons, 
and about 300 prisoners. Gen. Early reported that the cavalry was so badly de^ 
moralized that its usefulness as such was gone and it should be dismounted. 



21 


Battle of Cedar Creek. 

Lee made another effort to recover possession of the Valley, and sent all the 
reinforcements that he could possibly spare to Early. Oct. 13 Sheridan received 
a telegram from Secretary Stanton, asking him to come on to Washington for a 
consultation in regard to future operations. Sheridan had news of the reinforce¬ 
ments being sent Early, and put his army in shape for such a contingency in camp 
about Cedar Creek, with Gen. Wright in command, and started back to Wash¬ 
ington. He reached the city Oct. 17, at 8 o’clock, went immediately to the War 
Department, and asked to have a special train ready at 12 o’clock to take him 
back to Martinsburg, whence he could return to his command. The consultation 
was had, a plan decided upon, and he reached Martinsburg that night, and stayed 
there. The next morning he started with an escort of cavalry fbr Winchester, 
and reached there late in the afternoon. A courier came in from Cedar Creek 
reporting everything quiet there, and Sheridan went to bed easy in mind. The 
next morning an officer came to his bedside and reported artillery firing at Cedar 
Creek, but Sheridan tried to make himself believe that it was only the reconnois- 
sance that had been ordered the night before. He felt anxious, however, got up 
and dressed, and ordered the horses saddled and breakfast hastened. He rode out 
of Winchester between 8:30 and 9 o’clock, and then heard the cannonade in an 
unceasing roar. 

A mile from Winchester he was astounded to find the road thronged with 
fugitives, wounded and unwounded, who assured him that the army was badly 
whipped and in complete retreat. He immediately sent orders to the commander 
of a brigade in Winchester to form a line across the Valley and stop all fugitives. 
For a few minutes he thought of establishing a new line-of-battle near the town, 
but then decided to go to the front and try to rally the troops there. Soon he met 
his Chief Commissary, Col. Wood, who reported everything gone, Sheridan’s 
Headquarters captured, and the army dispersed. Sheridan immediately took Maj. 
Geo. A. Forsyth and Capt. Jos. O’Keefe, of his staff, and started off* in a gallop, 
leaving the rest of his staff behind to rally the fugitives. Passing at length the 
string of wagons, wounded, and badly scared, he came upon thousands of men 
who had retreated out of danger, halted, and begun cooking coffee. They at once 
recognized him, cheered, and obeyed his orders to fall in and march back. At 
Newtown he met a great throng of men, and among them Maj. McKinley, who at 
once communicated to the crowd that Sheridan was going to the front, and helped 
reform the organizations and start them back. 

Beyond Newtown he came upon Wheaton’s and Ricketts’s Divisions of the Sixth 
Corps, then upon the Nineteenth Corps, and near Middletown upon Getty’s Di¬ 
vision of the Sixth Corps, with the cavalry acting as rear-guard. Everywhere he 
was received with enthusiasm and cries of “ This wouldn’t have happened if you 
had been here.” With Getty’s Division he also found a number of officers of the 
Eighth Corps, among them Col. Rutherford B. Hayes, and nearly all the Corps’ 
colors. 

He immediately set about reforming his line on Getty’s Division, and soon 
had a fair line-of-battle. The rebels, who had been engaged in plundering our 
camps, saw this and renewed the attack, striking the Nineteenth Corps, which, de¬ 
pleted as it was, succeeded in repulsing them. This encouraged Sheridan, who de¬ 
termined to suspend further offense until he could get more of his men back, and 
in the meanwhile sent off* his cavalry to get some prisoners, from whom he could 
learn something of the force opposed to him. These relieved his mind of the 


22 


fear that Longstreet had reinforced Early, by the information that the only troops 
Early had received was Kershaw’s Division. On the other hand, he was disturbed 
by the report that Longstreet was marching by the Front Royal Pike, to take his 
rear at Winchester. He was soon relieved of this fear, however, by a report from 
Col. Powell, commanding the cavalry in that direction, that Longstreet was 
nowhere in sight. 

Sheridan arrived on the ground about 10:30 a. m., rode down the line about 
noon, and between 3:30 and 4 p. m. had his line ready to renew the battle. Then 
it was like his other battles, cavalry, artillery, and infantry all went forward to¬ 
gether in one resistless assault which swept the rebel line off the field in confusion. 
The cavalry kept up the pursuit far into the night. 

All the artillery, wagons, and camp equipage which the rebels had captured 
by the surprise in the morning were retaken, besides 24 of the enemy’s cannon, a 
number of battle-flags, and 1,200 prisoners. 

Upon receiving the news of the victory, Gen. Grant caused a salute of 100 
guns to be fired by the cannon around Petersburg. President Lincoln sent 
Sheridan an autograph letter of thanks and promoted him to Major-General in 
the Regular Army, to date from Oct. 19, at Cedar Creek, “Whereby, under the 
blessing of Providence, your routed army was reorganized, a great National dis¬ 
aster averted, and a brilliant victory achieved over the rebels for the third time 
in pitched battle within 30 days.” 

Sheridan leisurely withdrew his army to the neighborhood of Winchester, 
where it could be easily supplied, and be able, with a small force, to protect the 
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad He felt that his work in the Shenandoah was sub¬ 
stantially done, and he wanted to rejoin Grant with the Sixth Corps. But suppress¬ 
ing guerrillas and other details of administrative work in his department detained 
him there during the Winter, and soon it was understood that the irrepressible 
Early was again in the field with sinister intentions. 


Finishing up Early. 

Feb. 27, 1865, Sheridan started up the Valley again with 10,000 well-die- 
ciplined troopers, under command of Gen. Merritt, to make an end of Early, de¬ 
stroy the Virginia Central Railroad and the James River Canal, and generally 
clean out the country to the west of Richmond. He was then, if he thought best, 
to join Sherman in North Carolina. He utterly smashed Early at Waynesboro, 
taking from him 1,600 prisoners, 17 battle-flags, and 11 cannon. Early, Wharton, 
Long, and Lilley escaped from the field with only about 20 men in their company. 

Sheridan decided that instead of trying to join Sherman he would march 
down the James, destroying the canals and other things that would injure the 
enemy, pass to the north of Richmond, and rejoin the Army of the Potomac by 
way of White House. This he did in spite of the efforts of the rebels to prevent 
him. 

He and his men were satisfied with the thought that they had done their 
work in the much-fought-over Shenandoah Valley with a thoroughness never 
equalled in the history of war, and that they were about to help finish up in tri¬ 
umph the protracted struggle of the Army of the Potomac with its adversary. 



23 



SHERIDAN AND MIS GENERALS RECONNOITERING AT FIVE FORKS (DINWIDDJE COURTHOUSE). 



















































































24 


THE APPOMATTOX CAMPAIGN. 

The “Grand Hunt,” by which the Principal Rebel Army was 
Headed Off and Brought to Surrender. 

It is rare in the history of any war that a Department Commander voluntarily 
surrenders his independence and hastens to place himself under the command of 
another. Yet this was what Sheridan had done in joining Gen. Grant, and that 
officer appreciated it. 

Sheridan reached Grant March 25 and found that a plan of operations had 
been prepared for him. 

In effect, this was that he should take all the cavalry, move out to the left, 
cut off the rebel communications to the south and west, and then join Gen. 
Sherman. Sheridan at once and very emphatically demurred to any proposition 
to join Gen. Sherman. He wanted the Army of the Potomac to finish up Lee, 
and he wanted to be with the army when it did it. Later he met Gen. Sherman 
himself, who had come up to visit Gen. Grant, and found that he was very anxious 
to have Sheridan join him. Sheridan expressed his unalterable opposition to that 
part of the scheme. 

March 29, 1865, Sheridan, at the head of all the cavalry, started out on a 
march to find Lee’s right flank, and the two railroads which furnished him with 
supplies. The roads, breaking up from the Winter’s frosts, were in frightful shape, 
and the rain came down in torrents. The prospect seemed so discouraging that 
even Gen. Grant proposed to suspend operations, but Sheridan insisted on going 
ahead, and he was supported earnestly by Gens. Rawlins and Ingalls. Without 
much difficulty Grant was won over to their view, and ordered the movement 
continued. Sheridan then proposed to break Lee’s right flank, if given the old 
Sixth Corps, that he had with him in the Valley. This, however, was some dis¬ 
tance away, and it would be exceedingly difficult to get it up over the awful roads, 
and through the storm, so Sheridan was given the Fifth Corps, which was near at 
hand. He went immediately to Gen. Warren’s Headquarters and told him what 
had been decided upon, and found Warren very despondent. 

Sheridan immediately set about his project of breaking Lee’s right by at¬ 
tacking Five Forks, where the rebel cavalry was stationed, supported by 
Pickett’s Division. Pickett was in command of the whole. 

Sheridan had with him then 9,000 cavalry, of which 3,300 were in Crook’s 
Division, and 5,700 in those commanded by Custer and Devin. 

The rebels promptly took the aggressive and, attacking with both infantry 
and cavalry, forced Sheridan back toward Dinwiddie Courthouse, but he finally 
got into position behind barricades and drove them off. Learning the situation of 
affairs, Grant sent him MacKenzie’s cavalry from the Army of the James, and 
likewise ordered Gen. Warren to immediately take the Fifth Corps to his assist¬ 
ance. Sheridan resolved to use this force to destroy Pickett before he could rejoin 
Lee or receive help from him. At 3 o’clock on the morning of April 1 he sent 
an order to Gen. Warren to move toward the flank and rear of Pickett and attack 
him vigorously at daylight, while the cavalry would attack on the front and 
other flank. 

The cavalry began the attack as ordered, but the enemy fell back to Five 
Forks without molestation from Warren. Sheridan was bitterly angry at this, 



25 


* 


for if Warren had obeyed orders the rebels would have been caught at a great 
disadvantage. He found that Warren had made no effort to obey Grant’s positive 
order of the day before, and, consequently, had not gotten to where he could obey 
Sheridan’s order, and so the opportunity had been lost. 

Feeling sure that Pickett would not give up Five Forks without a fight, 
Sheridan pressed on after him, and by 2 o’clock had come up close to him inside 
of his intrenchments. He determined to carry out his original plan of battle. 
He would assail his front with his cavalry, and make a pretense of turning his 
right flank, while the Fifth Corps would move up on his left flank and crush him 
by an energetic assault. If this was done at all, it must be done promptly. The 
short April afternoon was wearing away rapidly, and it was only three miles from 
Pickett to Lee’s right flank, so that the hours were precious. Grant, who had 
reason to be dissatisfied with Warren, had sent Sheridan authority to relieve him, 
if he failed to come to time, but Sheridan was reluctant to use this. He sent an 
order to Warren for his part of the operations, and then meeting him explained 
fully what he proposed to do. 

. In the meanwhile the cavalry had begun and were keeping up a very lively 
fire at close range on the intrenchments. The infantry was coming up with most 
provoking slowness, and Warren was acting with apparent indifference as to when 
they got up. When Sheridan remonstrated with him and reminded him that Lee 
was only three miles away, Warren answered, “Bobby Lee was always getting 
people into trouble.” Though the corps had only two miles to march, it was not 
until 4 o’clock that Warren began the attack. Then there was some hitch in the 
movements caused by Crawford’s Division taking a wrong direction and being 
followed by Griffin’s. At this important moment Sheridan could not find Warren. 

Finally the attack was entirely successful, infantry and cavalry swarmed over 
the works at the same moment, and the enemy was routed in confusion, losing six 
cannon, 13 battle-flags, and nearly 6,000 prisoners. Sheridan was so angry at 
Warren that he relieved him and ordered him to report to Gen. Grant. 

This victory brought the Union army within striking distance of Lee’s last 
railroad, and compelled him .to at once begin the evacuation of Petersburg and 
Richmond. As soon as Grant received news of Sheridan’s success, he realized 
Lee’s position, and began measures to strike him heavily in the act of evacuating. 
He ordered assaults all along the line, and putting Sheridan in command of every¬ 
thing on the left, assigned him the work of cutting off Lee’s retreat. 

It was anticipated that Lee would try to get away to North Carolina to join 
Joe Johnston in front of Sherman, and Sheridan hurried toward Burkeville to 
head him off in*that direction. He had the good luck to capture a dispatch from 
Lee ordering 300,000 rations to be sent at once to Burkeville Junction. This re¬ 
vealed at once that Lee was, as supposed, at Amelia Courthouse, and gave an idea 
of the number of men he had with him. The Fifth, Sixth, and Second Corps 
were hurried to Jetersville, aDd intrenched themselves across Lee’s path. Lee 
thereupon turned southwestward and began marching toward Danville, hoping to 
shake off his pursuers, and get supplies for his army somewhere on the railroad. 
Leaving Gen. Meade, with the Army of the Potomac, to follow up Lee, Sheridan 
started with the cavalry to get on Lee’s flank and front. At Sailor’s Creek he 
managed to isolate Ewell’s Corps from the rest of Lee’s army, and sending for the 
Sixth Corps, which went to him with all haste, attacked it vigorously and after a 
savage little battle compelled it to surrender, capturing between 9,000 and 10,000 
prisoners, including Ewell and five other Generals. 


26 


Sheridan sent the news to Grant, with the remark, “ I think that if the thing 
is pressed, Lee will surrender.” Lincoln, to whom the message had been forwarded, 
replied briefly, “ Let the thing be pressed.” 

Lee now gave up hope of escaping to Danville, and began, as was expected, 
a rush for Lynchburg. He ordered supplies to be sent out on the railroad leading 
eastward from that city, and expected to get them at Appomattox Station. 
Sheridan’s scouts had gotten hold of these dispatches, but had forwarded copies to 
the Commissary at Lynchburg. Sheridan set all his men in rapid motion for Appo¬ 
mattox Station, and Merritt’s, MacKenzie’s, and Crook’s Divisions reached there 
April 8. The scouts found four trains of supplies from Lynchburg feeling their 
way to Lee, and having the original dispatches in their possession had little diffi¬ 
culty in urging the men in charge to forward where Custer could gobble them. 
He had scarcely done so when Lee’s advance-guard appeared and began a lively 
fight for their rations. Custer was able to stand them off, however, until Sheridan 
came up with the rest of the cavalry and drove the rebels back toward Appo¬ 
mattox Courthouse. Urgent messages were sent back to Gen. Ord to hurry up 
with the infantry, to which he responded by marching all night, arriving at Appo¬ 
mattox by sun up, and going immediately into position behind the cavalry line, 
which had kept up a skirmish-fire on the enemy all night. 

The rebels, unaware of the arrival of the infantry, formed a heavy column 
of attack to brush away the cavalry, and clear the road to Lynchburg. As the 
column advanced the cavalry galloped off to the right, and, like drawing aside a 
curtain, revealed the heavy lines of infantry behind. At this sight the rebel 
column halted and hope died in their hearts. Our infantry at once advanced to 
the attack, and Sheridan ordered his cavalry to prepare to charge. Before the 
arrangements could be made the rebels raised the white flag. 

Sheridan immediately rode forward and met Gens. Gordon and Willcox, 
who informed him that Gen. Lee desired a suspension of hostilities, and was trying 
to meet Gen. Grant for that purpose. While this was going on, a Gen. Gary, 
commanding a brigade of very fresh South Carolinians, in front of Gen. Merritt, 
tried to get up some heroics about “ South Carolinians never surrendering,” and 
continued firing. Gen. Merritt's patience was exhausted, and it took him about 
three minutes to convince the South Carolinians that they had better surrender, 
and that with the utmost haste. 

Sheridan was suspicious that the request for a cessation of hostilities was 
merely a ruse to gain time, but was assured by Gen. Gordon that Lee was ex¬ 
hausted and would surrender to Gen. Grant. Gen. Longstreet added his assur¬ 
ances, and a suspension of hostilities was agreed upon until Geh. Grant could be 
found. 

Gen. Grant arrived about 1 o’clock, and was met at the edge of the little 
town by Sheridan and Ord, who went with him to the McLean House, where Lee 
was. The surrender was completed about 3 o’clock. 

Gen. Sheridan was ordered to take the cavalry and the Sixth Corps to North 
Carolina to help Sherman in dealing with Johnston, but on reaching South Boston, 
on the Dan Biver, April 28, he received a dispatch from Gen. Halleck advising 
him that Johnston had surrendered to Sherman. Thereupon he marched his men 
back to Petersburg and thence to Washington. 


27 


OFF TO THE RIO GRANDE. 

Bringing Texans Back to Their Allegiance and Ousting the 
French from Mexico. 

May 17, shortly after his arrival at Washington, he received an order from 
Gen. Grant to immediately proceed to Texas, take command of all the troops 
there, and as many more as might be sent him, and restore Texas and Louisiana 
to the Union. Sheridan wanted to stay in Washington to command his troops at 
the Grand Review, but Grant thought the need of him in Texas was too impera¬ 
tive, and he immediately set out for his new work. Before he got to New Orleans 
he heard of Kirby Smith’s surrender to Gen. Canby, but feeling that the sur¬ 
render was not being carried out in good faith, decided to make a show of power 
in the State that would convince them of the folly of any such foolishness. He 
organized two heavy columns of cavalry to march through the State, one on San 
Antonia, the other on Houston, sent two divisions of infantry to other points, and 
asked that the Fourth and Twenty-fifth Corps be sent him, which was done. 

Then, believing that the Imperialist invasion of Mexico was part and parcel 
of the rebellion, he decided to lay as heavy a hand on Maximillian as diplomacy 
would allow. The story of his operations in this matter makes very fascinating 
reading, and thoroughly illustrates the indomitable resolution of the man in what¬ 
ever he thought was right, and his fertility of resources in carrying out his plans. 

His first act was to concentrate a heavy force along the Rio Grande, and 
make certain demonstrations, which the Imperialists could not regard as friendly. 
He next demanded that a number of rebel cannon which had been carried off into 
Mexico and turned over to the Imperialists should be at once returned, with the 
hint that if this was not done he might go over and get them himself. 

At this Secretary Seward became alarmed, and insisted that Sheridan be 
restrained. The matter was finally settled, much to Sheridan’s disgust, by the 
Imperialists returning a few of the cannon with profuse apologies. In the mean¬ 
while they had become so alarmed that they had evacuated nearly the whole of 
the northern part of Mexico. Under Mr. Seward’s encouragement they took 
renewed heart, and had almost downed President Juarez, when Sheridan resolved 
to give the Mexicans another lift. 

He began stirring up and reviewing his forces, with much show, and moving 
them nearer to the Rio Grande, and finally, with quite a force at his back, went 
up the Rio Grande to Piedras Negras, and opened up communication with Presi¬ 
dent Jaurez in the most ostentatious way. He ordered his pontoon train forward 
to Brownsville, made extensive inquiries and arrangement about forage, and did 
not contradict the positive statements afloat that as soon as his troops arrived he 
would invade the country in behalf of the Liberals. Again the frightened 
Imperialists abandoned the whole of northern Mexico, and President Jaurez’s 
followers took fresh heart. 

Sheridan collected much of the cannon, muskets, ammunition and military 
stores which had been turned over to the surrendering rebels at points on the Rio 
Grande convenient to the Mexican patriots, and then strangely forgetting all 
about them, went off and left them without a guard. Of course, he was much 
surprised when the Mexicans, taking advantage of this negligence, crossed the 
river and appropriated them to their own use. 



28 


Secretary Seward was much tormented by the course of Sheridan, and as con¬ 
tinually repressed him by instructions through the War Department. 

Still, Sheridan had the satisfaction of seeing that the Mexicans, under the 
lead of Gen. Escobedo, whom Sheridan aided with good military advice, were 
rapidly regaining the control of much of their country. 

The rebels were disposed to aid Maximillian, and numbers of them, led by 
such men as Gens. Price, Magruder and Maury, emigrated to Mexico, and took 
service in the Imperial army. Maximillian encouraged them by large grants of 
land, titles of nobility and the re-establishment of peonage, a form of slavery which 
was acceptable to them. Emigration agents were established in every Southern 
State, but Sheridan threw a damper upon the business by an imperative order that 
no person should be allowed to embark from Louisiana or Texas ports for Mexico 
without a permit from his Headquarters. 

In order to divide the patriot forces the Imperialists had stirred up Gen. 
Ortega, who, as Chief Justice of Mexico, had legal rights to the Presidency, but 
was held to have forfeited these by leaving the country, and siding with the 
Imperialists. He was then in the United States, and attempted to go to Mexico 
to claim the Presidency, but Sheridan had him arrested and turned over 
to Gen. Escobedo. Finally, in 1867, Napoleon III. withdrew the French troops, 
and then it was easy sailing for Jaurez and his patriot followers. 

While engaged in these international complications Sheridan had much to 
occupy him in the civil administration of his department—the States of Louisi¬ 
ana and Texas. In Texas the late rebels wanted to resume their place in the 
Union precisely as though nothing had happened, and they were encouraged to 
do this by President Johnson and a powerful party in the North. In Louisiana 
things were in still worse condition. Gov. Moore, and Mayor Monroe, of New 
Orleans, two thoroughly bad, bold, disreputable men, were at the head of a pow¬ 
erful, utterly unscrupulous faction, bent upon doing everything possible to em¬ 
barrass the Government, remand the negroes to the condition of slavery, and 
fill their own pockets through corrupt use of the offices. They precipitated 
massacres of the negroes, and those who sought to inaugurate a better condition 
of things, and generally hesitated at nothing to advance their own purposes. 

Throughout the whole Sheridan acted with the loftiest courage, integrity, 
loyalty, and statesmanship. The ability he exhibited in dealing with political 
matters astonished those who considered him merely as a tempestuous, headlong 
fighter. He did not hesitate to remove Governors and other high officials, to re¬ 
press disorders with an iron hand, and punish severely the aiders and abettors of 
them. When he found two corrupt Levee Boards struggling to get possession of 
a large fund he abolished both, and appointed one in which he had confidence. 
He came into sharp collision with the President of the United States, even, but 
was firmly supported throughout by Gen. Grant and Congress. 

President Johnson finally succeeded in removing him, and putting in his 
stead Gen. Hancock, who was more subservient to Johnson’s wishes. Grant pro¬ 
tested against this, but without avail. 


Fighting Indians Again. 

Gen. Sheridan was assigned to the command of the Department of the Mis¬ 
souri, and entered upon the more agreeable duty of managing the troublesome 
Indians of the Northwest. Me threw himself into this work with his customary 
boundless energy. The Indians were numerous, well-fed, rich in ponies and other 



29 


fl 

forms of Indian wealth, and never having really felt the white man’s power, 
were very defiant. Settlers were streaming into Kansas and Nebraska, and the 
Indians were committing outrages everywhere to prevent the settlements and the 
building of the Pacific Railroad. Sheridan had but 1,200 cavalry and 1,400 in¬ 
fantry, but he began aggressive operations at once, and resolved upon the novelty 
of Winter campaigns. He reasoned that this was the best way to strike and hurt 
the Indians, and as the white soldiers were better fed and clothed than their red 
foes, they could endure more. He did not spare himself, but accompanied several 
of the expeditions through terrible storms of rain, sleet, and snow, and had the 
satisfaction of seeing his plan throughly vindicated by the destruction of some 
of the worst bands, surprised in their Winter camps. 

There was a world of thrilling experience in these expeditions, among which 
were the brilliant fights made by Col. Forsyth on the Arickaree, and Custer in 
the valley of the Washita. 

In the midst of one of these campaigns he was called to Washington by a 
telegram from President Grant informing him that on the day of his inauguration, 
March 4, 1869, he had appointed him Lieutenant-General in the Army. On 
reaching Washington he found that Grant wanted him to resume command at 
New Orleans, but he begged off, and was reassigned to command the Department 
of the Missouri. 


VISITS THE FR ANCO-PRUSSI AN WAR. 

Accompanies the Prussian Headquarters Throughout the Cam¬ 
paign, and Makes a Tour of Europe. 

The struggle between France and Germany breaking out, Sheridan applied 
for permission to go abroad and witness it. Grant gave him this, and was gratified 
to find that he had decided to view it from the German side, which he felt would 
be victorious, as he regarded Napoleon III. as an arrant humbug. Sheridan took 
with him his old Chief of Staff, Gen. James W. Forsyth, and on arriving in Prussia 
was invited to attach himself to the King of Prussia’s Headquarters, and was 
treated with every consideration. On going to the front he fell in with Prince 
Bismarck, who showed him much attention, and took him in his carriage to wit¬ 
ness the battle of Gravelotte. On the field he was presented to the King of 
Prussia, the Count von Moltke, and a number of other prominent personages. 
With them he watched the whole of the great battle, and compared the European 
style of fighting with that with which he was very familiar. Etiquet prevented 
his making any official comparison, but in his letters to Gen. Grant and others, 
and in private conversation, he stated that he had full reason to be proud of our 
own soldiership. We had little to learn from them as to management and fighting 
of men, while our men were decidedly superior fighters, and did not straggle as 
much as the Germans, with all their boasted discipline. 

Straying away from Headquarters in the evening, in search of water for his 
horse, he ran upon a squad of German soldiers, who came near shooting him on 
the spot, mistaking his undress uniform for that of a French officer. He was 
with the Prussian Headquarters at the battle of Sedan, and watched the struggle 
around the doomed place very attentively for hours, but finally shut up his glass, 
remarking, “ It’s all up with the French,” which gave great encouragement to the 
King and his attendants, for they knew that Sheridan had had his finger on the 



30 


pulse of many decisive battles. He also told them that they would find Napoleon 
III. among their captives, which they could hardly believe. 

He went on with the King to Paris, and saw the investment of that city. 
Then, not caring to witness the siege, he and Forsyth went off on a tour through 
Belgium, Austria, Turkey, Greece, Italy, and Switzerland, intending to return in 



SHERIDAN’S TOMB AT ARLINGTON, VA. 


time to witness the capitulation. Everywhere he was received with the greatest 
distinction, and Emperors, Kings, and statesmen did all possible to make his visit 
pleasant. He returned to France in time to be present at the entry of the German* 
into Paris, and to pay his respects to the new-made German Emperor at Versailka 






































31 





He remained in Paris until March, anu then made a long tour n rough Eng¬ 
land, Scotland, and Ireland, reaching home in the Fall. 


Some Personal Facts. 

June 3, 1675, Gen. Sheridan was married, at Chicago, Ill., to Miss Irene 
Rucker, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of Brevet Maj.-Gen. Daniel H. 
Rucker, at one time Quartermaster-General of the Army. She survives him, 
with four children, three daughters and a son. 

Upon succeeding to the command of the Army, Nov. 1, 1883, upon the 
retirement of Gen. Sherman, Gen. Sheridan took up his residence at Washington, 
in a handsome house at the cornor of 17th street and Rhode Island avenue, where 
his family still resides. He died there Aug. 5,1888. While on his death-bed Con¬ 
gress revived, especially for him^the grade of General, and he was commissioned 
as such to date from June 1,188a 

He was buried in the Arlington National Cemetery, and a handsome monu¬ 
ment erected by his widow marks his last resting-place, and is an object of deepest 
interest to all visitors. 



THE AMERICAN FLAG. 

Every patriotic American citizen would like to own 
a flag. By special arrangement we have obtained 
manufacturers’ prices on a line of American flags. 
They are all sewed bunting flags. The stars are 
stitched on both sides by machine; no zigzag stitch; 

no raw edges. Strong can¬ 
vas heading. Full number 
of stars on all, except the 
smallest two sizes. We will 
send these flags at the fol¬ 
lowing prices, viz: 

4 by 7 feet. $3.25 

4 by 8 feet . 3.50 

5 by 8 feet. 4.00 

6 by 9 feet...- . 5.00 

6 by 10 feet. 5.35 

6 by 12 feet . 6.25 

8 by 12 feet ••••••••• 4 • 75 

8 by 15 feet ........ 9.75 

9 by 18 feet . 12.00 

10 by 15 feet... 11.35 

10 by 18 feet-. 13.50 

10 by 20 feet-. 14.70 

12 by 18 feet. 15.40 

These goods are sent by express, the receiver paying 
the express charges. 

There is a National movement on foot to provide a 
ig tor every schoolhouse. Under this offer no school 
. jed be without one, for a contribution of a few cents 
by each pupil will secure one at our prices. These 
flags are of the same bunting used by the Army and 
Navy, and will last for years. 

11 THE SAME CANTEEN” CHARM. 

No. 120 ]£ an old friend in new 
dress, which needs no introduc¬ 
tion. It Is a fac-simile of an old 
canteen carried from Antietam 
to Appomattox. It is heavy 
rolled-gold plate, designed es¬ 
pecially for us. It is sent, post¬ 
paid, with The National Trib¬ 
une for one year, ior $1.60. Sent 
free as premium for a club of four 
yearly subscribers. 

For sale, postpaid, for 75 cts. 
It will look well on any veteran’s 
watch-chain. 

^ o 120 

HE NATIONAL. TBIBUNE, Washington, D.C. 




ALL THE RAGE. 

Grai)dArn)y Sleeve Buttons 

Thousands of Comrades are Wearing Them 
These Sleeve Buttons are no cheap Imitation. 

The disk is pearl-tinted en¬ 
amel, and upon its face, in 
raised work of heavy rolled 
gold plate, is the eagle, cannon 
and cannon-balls constituting 
the upper portion of the Grand 
Army badge, with the letters 
G.A.K. engraved in a scroll 
beneath. The setting is also of 
gold plate, and by pressing on 
a spring the button can be 
taken apart, thus making it 
easy to adjust it in the cuffh. 
In short, it is one of the most handsome, useful aud 
valuable pieces of jewelry that has yet been devised. 
We have sold large numbers of these Sleeve Buttons. 
The most popular thing in the way of Grand Army 
jewelry just now is the Grand Army Sleeve Button, a 
pair of which will be sent to any address, postage pre¬ 
paid— 

For a club of six new subscribers. 

For one subscription and 73 cent* additional. 
Without subscription $1. 

No. 292 is a Grand Army 
badge made of rolled gold 
plate. At the top are the 
double eagles iu rolled gold. 
Below them two rolled gold 
cannon lying upon a pile of 
enameled cannon-balls. Di¬ 
rectly below this is the United 
States flag made of red and 
blue enamel and rolled gold. 
Attached to the flag is the 
star containg the various mili¬ 
tary emblems, so well known 
to our readers that we will 
not endeavor to describe 
them. The whole charm is 
about two inches in length. 

Price, mailed.$1.75 

With The National Trib¬ 
une for one year.$2.50 

Free for a club of seven 
Me* *•*» subscribers. 



























<r:. 


THE NATIONAL TRIBUNE LIBRARY. 

I - 

A Popular Series of Historical 
Hand Books. 


No. 1. STATISTICS OF THE WAR. -Containing the number of troops 

furnished by each State, losses on both sides and complete statistical data relating to the 
Rebellion. 

No. 2. LINCOLN’S WORDS. —The Gettysburg Address, Second Inaugural, 
and copious extracts from speeches aud letters. 

No. 3. MISCELLANEOUS M EMOR AN DA.— Dates of the great 

events relating to the opening and close of the War of the Rebellion; Physiological 
Statistics of the Army; List of General officers killed on both sides. 

No. 4. PENSION STATISTICS. —Number on the roll of each class; ex¬ 
penditures, etc. 

No. 5. HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

By John McElroy. Its Introduction; Early Efforts at Emancipation; its stimulus the 
Cotton Gin; Struggle in Congress about extension into the Territories; Emancipation. 
Illustrated by Portraits. 

No. 6. PRESIDENT MONROE AND HIS DOCTRINE. -By 

Byron Andrews. Biography of Monroe, History and Text of Doctrine, Olney’s Letter and 
Cleveland’s Message, Portrait, Map, etc. 

No. 7-8 (Double Number). COMMANDERS OF THE 
UNITED ST AT E S ARMY. —By John McElroy. Contains splendid full page half¬ 
tone etchings of the best-known portraits of the 17 Commanders from the adoption of the 
Constitution to the present time; a sketch of each; strength of the Army at various dates. 

No. 9. THE STORY OF CUBA.— By Byron Andrews. History of the 
Island from the Discovery by Columbus to the Administration of Weyler. Map and 16 
illustrations, including portraits of Gomez, Maceo, Campos, Weyler, and other leaders on 
both sides. Revised edition brought down to date. 

No. 10. THE LIFE OF M AJ.-GEN. GEORGE H. THOMAS.- 

By John McElroy. A sketch of the life of the distinguished Commander of the Army of the 
Cumberland, with half-tone portrait. 

No. II. LIFE OF MAJ. WM. McKINLEY.— By John McElroy. It 

addition, it contains the Platform of the Republican party. 

No. 12. LIFE OF GEN. P. H. SHERIDAN.- This is a particularly 

happy and interesting sketch of the life of this greatest cavalry leader of modern times. 

No. 13. CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF BATTLES 

Compiled by H. E. Weaver. This gives the day, month, and year of 2,260 
occurred during the war of the rebellion, and other statistical matter of great importance. 

No. 14. LIFE OF ADMIRAL D. G. FARRAGUT.—The greatest 

Naval hero of the century. 

No, 15. SOME OF THE WAR FUN. 

No. 16. FAIR OHIO.— Song and music. 

No. 17. GLORIOUS PEN N SYLVAN I A.-Song and music. 

No. 18. SOME POETRY OF THE WAR. 

No. 19. LIFE OF GEN. U. S. GRANT. 

No. 20. MEMORIAL DAY POETRY AND ORATORY. 

THE NATIONAL TRIBUNE, Washington, D. O. 


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